physical and chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes ppt

Boardworks Ltd 2003 Alkanes The simplest hydrocarbons form a series of compounds known as alkanes. $10.98. Alkenes ppt slides lerangeline. between cis and trans- (CH3)3CCH=CHC (CH3)3 . - They are insoluble in water. Physical Properties of Alkenes. One way around this is to use a condensed structural formula A listing of the atoms bonded to each C atom in a chain., which lists the . Alkanes which have a higher molecular weight are solids. Alkanes are chemical compounds that consist of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, so they are also called hydrocarbons. Generally, they are more polar and have slightly higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes and . Physical properties are properties of an element or compound that can be observed without a chemical reaction of the substance. They are quite soluble in the usual low polarity organic solvents (eg, ligroin, ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, etc. The diagrams representing alkanes are called structural formulas A diagram that represents how the atoms in a molecule are bonded. CH 4 C 4 H 10 Gases C 5 H 12 C 17 H 36 Liquids The following rules summarize alkene nomenclature. The parent name of the alkene comes from the IUPAC name for the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms, except the ‐ane ending is changed to ‐ene to signify the presence of a double bond. Physical. Except for ethylene, all other alkenes are colourless and odourless. Alkanes are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents. 13.06 Conformations. Alkynes are compounds which have low polarity and have physical properties which are essentially the same as those of the alkanes and alkenes. However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from the following compounds: A way to name organic compounds. They undergo the same types of chemical reactions. They are known as saturated hydrocarbons. • Melting point and boiling point increase as the number of carbons increases. - They dissolve in each other and in nonpolar organic solvents. They determine the chemical and physical properties of a compound. 1. Combustion of alkanes In excess of oxygen O2, alkanes readily undergo combustion producing carbon dioxide gas, water and energy in the form of heat and light. BrCH2-CH2Br +2 KOH (alc) ——-> CH≡CH +2 KBr + 2 H2O. It includes a full answer key. 9.6: Preparation of Alkynes by Alkylation of Acetylene and Terminal Alkynes - Acetylide anions are strong nucleophiles and will undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with primary alkyl halides, resulting in the formation of a C-C bond. Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, cracking and polymers alkenes, alcohols, cracking and polymers 130€minutes 130€marks Page 1 of 46 . An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties. 8.2 Properties of Alkenes The physical properties of alkenes are similar to those of thealkanes. Physical Properties of Alkenes Physical State- The initial three individuals are dry gases; the following fourteen (C5-C18) individuals are fluids, while the higher ones are solids. As molecules get larger, structural formulas become more and more complex. Alkylation of acetylide anions is generally limited to primary alkyl halides. The lower members are gases with boiling points somewhat higher than those of the corresponding alkenes. Unformatted text preview: ALKANE, ALKENE ALKYNE: PROPERTIES Alkane: physical properties 1.Alkanes are colourless and odourless. Learn in detail chemical properties of alkenes, helpful for cbse class 11 chapter 13 hydrocarbons. C. 5-C. 18 liquids. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view. Physical Properties. In general, alkanes are reactive with other atoms and molecules. General formula of alkane is C 2 H 2n+2 ; n = 1,2,3,4. Let us take a look at few physical properties Alkenes exist naturally in all three states. 2. Terminal alkynes have lower boiling points than isomeric internal alkynes and can be separated by careful fractional distillation. • Boiling points similar to alkane of same size. not very reactive--have little biological activity-colorless and odorless. Physical Properties • Nonpolar, insoluble in water. However, liquid alkanes are good solvents for many other non-ionic organic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkanes, hydrocarbons in which all the bonds are single, have molecular formulas that satisfy the general expression C n H 2n + 2 (where n is an integer). Since a sp3 hybridized carbon has four half filled sp3 orbitals, therefore it forms four bonds. The Science Hedgehog. Aliphatic a. alkanes - contain C-C single bonds - CnH(2n+2) saturated hydrocarbons b. alkenes - contain C=C double bonds - CnH(2n) c. alkynes - contain CΞC triple bonds - CnH(2n-2) Acetylide anions act as a base with secondary and tertiary alkyl halides resulting in E2 elimination. More than C. 18 solids. Some important physical properties of alkanes are: Alkanes are colourless and odourless. Boiling Points of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes Alkanes Boiling Point (oC) Alkenes Boiling Point (oC) Alkynes Boiling . Low molecular alkanes are gases. 9.7: Preparation of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions Double dehydrohalogenation reaction H R R HX HX R R HH XX R R X R R NaNH 2 NaH 2 NaNH 2 X 2 The next few members are liquids and the higher ones are solids. Hydrocarbons are broadly classified as - aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 8.1 Alkenes Alkenesand cycloalkenes are hydrocarbonswith one C=C bond. thread_nsta_physical_chemical_change_ppt.pdf. 4 7 Figure 11.1 Examples of alkyne nomenclature 8 • The physical properties of alkynes resemble those of hydrocarbons of similar shape and molecular weight. Alkenes higher than these are all solids. The first three alkenes are gases, and the next fourteen are liquids. Cycloalkenes Cyclopropene and cyclobutene have angle strain. Commonly referred to as hydrocarbons, alkanes only contain single bonds linking each carbon and hydrogen atom together. ALKANES, ALKYNES, ALKENES & CYCLIC COMPOUNDS Power Points & Multiple Choice. => Chapter 9 => Electronic Structure • The sigma bond is sp-sp overlap. Physical properties can be observed or . Alkanes are simplest organic compounds that consist of single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms with the general formula CnH2n+2 . Alkanes and alkenes physical properties and chemical properties. IUPAC Names of Alkenes Rule 1 1. 2.They possess weak Van Der Waals forces of attraction. Description: Steric. The unbranched structures of pentane, hexane, and heptane are liquids. HydrocarbonFormulaStructure MethaneCH 4 EthaneC2H6C2H6 PropaneC3H8C3H8 ButaneC 4 H 10 hydrogen carbon. Physical Properties of Alkanes and Alkenes Forms Alkanes: Alkanes exist as gases, liquids and solids. Bundle. The boiling point of alkanes increases with increasing molecular weight. by. n-Pentane (36oC) n-Pentyl chloride (108 oC) • For a given alkyl group, the boiling point increases with increasing atomic weight of the halogen, so that a fluoride is the lowest Each carbon in alkanes is sp3 hybridized. • Soluble in most organic solvents. Physical properties of Alkanes alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because there are no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms in alkanes. 3. Alkane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide gas + Water + Energy C4H10(g) + 6½O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O (l) + 2874 KJ mol-1 13.07 Alkenes - Structure, Nomenclature, And Isomerism. Unbranched Alkenes(8.1A) 4.Structure of alkanes - In alkanes all the carbon atoms are . Functional groups Steric effect causes a large difference in stability. Physical Properties of Alkenes Alkenes resemble alkanes in most of their physical properties. ). 3- A halogenation reaction is an addition They exhibit tetrahedral geometry with a bond angle of 109.47° between them. Alkenes are less stable than alkanes and more stable than alkynes. A way to classify organic compounds into families. The next few members are liquids and the higher ones are solids. 1. Like alkanes, straight chain alkenes have high boiling point compared to its isomeric branched alkenes. - They are insoluble in water. Step 3 Heptane 98 1-Heptene 94 1-Heptyne 100 Octane 128 1-Octene 121 1-Octyne 125 Physical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes. CH 4 to C 4 H 10 are gases Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the carbon‐carbon double bond. II Alkanes, Alkenes, and II Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes Hydrocarbon : Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen Saturated Hydrocarbons . because they show the structure of the molecule. $9.98. Each set includes 50 questions identifying and naming compounds, and 50 questions drawing compounds. Alkanes are found in nature of crude oil than natural gas. Alkanes, Alkenes vs Alkynes Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes are all hydrocarbons with different facilities and therefore several physical and chemical properties. 13.05 Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanes - II. The σ- bond is strong but the π- bond is weak. Alkanes and Alkenes - Alkanes and Alkenes Topic 10.2 and 10.3 Alkanes have low reactivity bond enthalpies are relatively strong 348 kJ mol-1 to break a C-C bond 412 kJ mol-1 to break a C-H . 2.7 Physical Properties of Alkenes. Acetylene has a characteristic smell. Alkenes are slightly soluble in water but readily in organic solvents. Chemical properties of alkenes: Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of a double bond. These four bonds are directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron. Slide 5. • Alkynes are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Solutions of bromine in CCl 4 have an intense red-orange color. 1. Properties of Alkanes Alkanes. • Alkynes have low melting points and boiling points. Alkynes resemble alkanes and alkenes in their physical properties. Examples . Chemical properties of alkanes(20 m) a) Write chemical equation for complete combustion of methaneCorrect reactant = 2m Correct product =2m 4. Alkanes are double bonded starting with Ethylene which everybody knows can be polymer to make Polyethylene. The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the double bond is the parent alkene. This product contains 1 Power Point and 15 Pages of Multiple Choice Questions. These all consist of carbon and hydrogen only and every carbon has four single covalent bonds. There are only single bonds between carbon atoms ( -C-C-C- ). Section 4.2 Naturally Occurring Alkenes and Alkynes C CH 3(CH 2) 11CH 2 C H H CH 2(CH 2) 11CH 3 muscalure . Chemical properties of alkanes (20 m) a) Write chemical equation for complete combustion of methane Correct reactant = 2m Correct product = 2m 2.8 Chemical Properties of Alkenes. By dehydrohalogenation of dihaloalkanes. Solubility. C=C and C≡C bonds impart characteristic features to NMR and IR spectra of their compounds that aid in their structural identification. The unbranched structures of hexane, pentane and heptane are liquids. Number the carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain starting from the end of the chain nearer the first branch. Alkenes, alkynes, and dienes are less dense than water, are nonpolar, and have boiling points and melting points similar to alkanes. The boiling points and melting points increase with increase in the number of carbon atoms. (see combustion of hydrocarbons and heat of combustion ) Alkanes will . Less dense than water: they float on water. Alkynes are unsaturated carbon that shares a triple bond at the carbon site All alkynes are odourless and colourless with the exception of ethylene which has a slight distinctive odour. 3.Alkanes having 1-4 carbon atoms are gases, then from 5-17 carbon atoms they are liquid and alkanes having 18 or more carbon atoms are solid at 298K. Table 8.1 shows that the boiling points of straight-chain alkenes increase with increasing molar mass, just as with alkanes. Alkenes are the customary starting materials from which epoxides, compounds containing a three-membered ring consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms, are made. × There are Pending MCQs. Alkanes do not react with strong acids, bases, oxidising agents ( oxidants) or reducing agents ( reductants ). • Less dense than water. Br bond angle strain and chemical and boiling points increase the first two hydrogen halides are properties of alkanes as a violation for the following two because conditions. (Cyclopropane) In this hydrogenation catalyst are organic complex of transition metal like Rh or Ir. Step 1 CH 4+ Cl 2---------> CH 3 Cl + HCl 6. step 2 CH 3 Cl + Cl 2-------> CH 2 Cl 2+ HCl 7. You have Initiated to attend MCQs, But that is not yet completed, you can continue from where you left 1- Physical Properties. CH Organic Chemistry Worksheets Bundle include 80 pages of practice worksheets with 400 questions. Physical properties of alkenes are quite similar to those of alkanes. Ethylene is a colourless gas with a sickly sweet odour. Hydrocarbons : Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes - Preparation and Properties Chemist May 4, 2021 Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. Also the double bond takes precedence both in selecting and in numbering the man chain or ring. Boiling Point The boiling points shown are for the "straight chain" isomersof which thereis more than one. Alkylation of acetylide anions is a general method of making higher alkynes from simpler alkynes. They cover alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and halogenoalkanes. $16.00. Alkanes and alkenes physical properties and chemical properties . In each reaction, the reagent adds across the double bond. Alkanes contain carbon - carbon and carbon- hydrogen single bond with average bond lengths of 154 pm and 110 pm. 1. - They are insoluble in water. Structures of Alkanes All the carbon atoms present in an alkane are hybridized that is, every carbon atom forms four sigma bonds with carbon or hydrogen atoms. Except for ethylene, all other alkenes are colourless and odourless. Physical Properties of Alkenes The melting and boiling points of alkenes are determined by the regularity of the packing, or the closeness, of these molecules. Solution. Thus alkynes are soluble in . The first three alkynes are gases, and the next eight are liquids. Name alkenes & alkynes given formulas and write formulas for alkenes & alkynes given names. Alkenes resemble alkanes in most of their physical properties. Physical Properties of Alkanes 1. The simplest epoxide, ethylene oxide (oxirane), is obtained by passing a mixture of ethylene and air (or oxygen) over a heated silver catalyst. The first four are of a gaseous narure5 to 9 in 5he series are liquid. Physical Properties of Alkanes Alkanes exist in all three forms: as gases, liquids and solids. Alkynes with triple bond end with -yne. Single bond > Double bond >Triple bond Alkenes exist in all three solid-liquid and gaseous states. All alkynes, except acetylene, are odourless. REACTIONS OF ALKENES. Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons 2.1: Classes of Hydrocarbons molecules that are made up of carbon and hydrogen 1. • The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are similar to those of alkanes with similar carbon skeletons. Alkanes, Alkenes and Polymers - Ethene can be used to make poly (ethene) or polythene. the nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl. 13.14 Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes - II. Alkanes are essentially fats. 2. Methane, Ethane, propane, and butane are gases in room temperature. June 20, 2018. C. 1-C. 4 gases. The physical properties of cycloalkanes are similar to those of alkanes, but they have higher boiling points, melting points and higher densities non polar and do not have intermolecular hydrogen bonding they are usually hydrophobic (meaning they do notdissolve in water) and are less dense than water Cycloalkanes are used in motor fuel, natural Terminal and Internal alkynes. organic chemistry ii haloalkanes a haloalkane is an alkane that has had one of the hydrogens removed and replaced by a halogen atom also called alkyl halides properties: polar molecules other molecules with electron rich atoms (like oxygen) may attack the electron deficient carbon alcohols when we put a hydroxyl substituent (-oh) onto an organic … physical and chemical properties; ••• draw and differentiate between various conformations of ethane; ••• appreciate the role of hydrocarbons as sources of energy and for other industrial applications; ••• predict the formation of the addition products of unsymmetrical alkenes and alkynes on the basis of electronic mechanism; Lower alkynes upto four carbon atoms are gases, those containing five to thirteen carbon atoms are liquids while higher alkynes are solids. These are suitable to use for a grade 12 chemistry class and combined are 57 pages long.The topics included in the 1st Power Point are alkane theory . Nonpolar Insoluble in water Soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. The molecular formulas of all alkanes fit the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms present 5. 13.15 Benzene, Preparation and Physical . Chemical Properties of Alkanes: Alkanes are relatively unreactive. Alkenes nomenclatures are similar to those of alkanes and cycloalkanes except the ending is -ene. . Bundle. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Alkanes are non polar so they are insoluble in water but soluble in each other. One chemical. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are similar in name but they are slightly different. hydrocarbons have physical properties similar to those of saturated hydrocarbons. The carbon in an alkene is sp 2, has a bond angle of 120 o, and a trigonal planar shape. 20 Stereoisomeric cycloalkenes cis-cyclooctene and trans-cycloocteneare stereoisomers cis-cyclooctene is 39 kJ/ molmore stablethan trans-cyclooctene Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes are much more reactive than the parent alkanes. A carbon-carbon double bond contains one sigma bond and one pi bond. This reaction provides a way to test for alkenes or alkynes. General configuration of alkane is . Combustion Addition reactions : hydrogenation. Methane, ethane, propane and butane are gases at room temperature. The Solubility of Alkanes Due to very little difference of electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen and covalent nature of C-C bond or C-H bond, alkanes are generally non-polar molecules. 3. The chemical structure of alkanes only consists of single bonds. • Up to 4 carbons, gas at room temperature. Alkane alkene alkyne WAYNE FERNANDES . Alkynes resemble the alkenes and alkanes in physical properties.The molecules that have a lower molecular weight are gases at room temperature and as the molecular weight increases their physical state changes from gas to liquid and then to solids. Boiling points increase with increasing chain length (molecular weight) for the first few members Boiling points decrease with increasing number of branches. Alkynes are nonpolar compounds. Alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons, while alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are said to be unsaturated. They react rapidly with bromine, for example, to add a Br 2 molecule across the C=C double bond. by. The reaction, occurs in two steps and each step involves the loss of a molecule HBr. Alkanes are solid, liquid or gas at room temperature depending on the size of their molecules.To learn detailed structures, formulas, and Physical Properties of Alkanes with FAQS and Videos, Visit BYJU'S for more information. Physical properties of alkyl halide • Because of greater molecular weight, haloalkanes have considerably higher boiling points than alkanes of the same number of carbons. Thread NSTA Physical Chemical Change ppt chemical property. The properties of alkynes pretty much follow the same pattern of those of alkanes and alkenes. Ethylene, propylene and α − b u t y l e n e are gases. Slide 4. Alkene isomers that can achieve more regular packing have higher melting and boiling points than molecules with the same molecular formula but weaker dispersion forces. Chemical properties of hydrocarbons describe the potential of hydrocarbons to undergo chemical change or reaction by virtue of the hydrocarbon structure. Hydrocarbons in the study of organic chemistry, organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. The nomenclature of alkynesis analogous to that of alkenes. . Simple alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, butane exist as gaseous compounds. ). They are quite soluble in the usual low polarity organic solvents (eg, ligroin, ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Physical Properties of Alkanes 16. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons. Some important chemical properties of alkanes are given below. $14.40. The rest are of a wax fat solid. Victales diols, compounds with adjacent groups in adjacent carbons are formed when alkenes react with certain oxidizing agents, especially potassium permanganate (KMNO4) or Osmio Tetroxide (OSO4). Lower alkynes upto four carbon atoms are gases, those containing five to thirteen carbon atoms are liquids while higher alkynes are solids. Section 2.6 Alkynes Carbon-Carbon Triple Bonds sp hybridized Bonding: 1 σ-bond and 2 π-bonds (px and py) slightly shorter C-H distance than alkanes or even alkanes Ethyne = Acetylene, H-C≡C-H Physical Properties Almost identical to Alkanes/Alkenes of same MW Van der Waals forces Slightly higher Mp and Bp Density Solubility Physical Properties of Alkanes 1. As for the alkenes, it has for the very least double bonds compared to alkanes single bond. Combine mainly with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Over 10 million compounds made with these 4 elements 95% of compounds contain carbon Form stable, covalent bonds with each other fProperties Organic (Benzene) Low melting pts Low boiling pts Low solubility in water Highly flammable Nonconductive Covalent bonds Inorganic (NaCl) High melting pts THE STRUCTURE OF ALKANES 109.5º. Section 4.4 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes Rules 3 and 4 for IUPAC Names of Alkenes Rule 3 3. Chemical Property of Alkenes Alkenes belong to the family of hydrocarbons containing a double bond between carbon-carbon atoms. In the ionic mechanism alkyl sodium gives strong base as well as nucleophile which gives SN2 with R - X. - PowerPoint PPT presentation. Ethylene, propylene and α − b u t y l e n e are gases. Alkynes have physical properties similar to alkanes and alkenes. Addition reactions of alkenes: Numerous substances including H 2, Cl 2 ,Br 2, HCl, HBr and H 2 O add to an alkene carbon-carbon double bond. PowerPoint Presentation : Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in their formula more atoms = greater intermolecular Van der Waals' forces greater intermolecular force = more energy to separate the molecules greater energy required = higher boiling point CH 4 (-161°C) C 2 H 6 (-88°C) C 3 H 8 . Larger cycloalkenes, such as cyclopenteneand cyclohexene, can incorporate a double bond into the ring with little or no angle strain. The first three alkynes are gases, the next eight are liquids and the higher ones are solids. 02/21/2019 13 The Acidity of Terminal Alkynes They are also commonly referred to as olefins. One methyl group is located on carbon 2 and the other on carbon 3. Ethylene is a colourless gas with a sickly sweet odour. 1- Physical Properties. trans alkenes are more stable than cis alkenes . - Those that are liquid at room temperature are less dense than water (1.0 g/mL). This . Alkanes is hydrocarbon compound with one single bond. The boiling points and melting points increase with increase in the number of carbon atoms. Alkynes have physical properties similar to alkanes and alkenes. Shading and smell- Except ethene which has a wonderful smell, any remaining alkenes are vapid and scentless. 2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LIKE ALKANES. Eventhough the use of them may overlaps in some cases, each of them is a compound on their own. Hence 5he higher you go it becomes saturated fats. Chapter 2. All alkenes are insoluble in water, due to the weak van der Waal forces. 2. Read/Download File Report Abuse. The physical properties of alkynes are similar to those of the corresponding alkenes. Alkanes combust (react rapidly with oxygen) releasing energy, which makes alkanes useful as fuels. 4) and benzene (C. 6 H 6), but they are insoluble in polar solvents such as water. Alkynes are compounds which have low polarity and have physical properties which are essentially the same as those of the alkanes and alkenes.